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Differences in external load parameters in soccer external load protocols (Bachelor thesis)

Δημόπουλος, Παναγιώτης/ Dimopoulos, Panagiotis

The present study investigates differences in external load parameters across various training protocols in soccer, aiming to capture the physiological and locomotor demands associated with each type of exercise. Three protocols were examined: the intermittent 10-10sec, the small-sided game (4vs4 SSGs) and the 10-10sec with integrated changes of direction (30° and 60°). Fourteen undergraduate PE students, amateur soccer players, participated in the study. They were evaluated through lab assessments, field tests (S-RPE, SJB, SA), and GPS recordings (Polar System), in order to analyze indicators such as total distance covered, mean and maximum speed, time spent in power zones, and distance distribution across speed zones. The findings revealed significant differences among the protocols. The 4vs4 SSGs showed lower external load, reduced total distance, and limited engagement at high speeds, indicating its suitability for technical and tactical development without excessive physiological strain. The 10-10sec protocol demonstrated moderate to high intensity, balanced load distribution, and continuous locomotor activity, closely resembling the demands of an official match. Conversely, the 10-10sec with changes of direction imposed the greatest physiological load, with higher maximum speeds and increased explosiveness, confirming its role as the most demanding conditioning protocol. In conclusion, the structure and design of training protocols significantly affect external load and player adaptations. Small-sided games primarily enhance technical and tactical performance, whereas intermittent protocols, especially those including changes of direction, are more effective in improving physical conditioning and explosive capacities. These results provide valuable insights for coaches, enabling the design of targeted training programs that optimize performance while reducing the risk of injury